University of Aden Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences

Publishing Rules and Table of Contents

Eng. Iman Sallam Mohamed — Fri, 18 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Analysis geomorphological and hydrological characteristics of drainage basins in Al-Ma’alla area-Aden using geographical information systems data and hydrological methods

Omar Ali Ahmed Mansha — Fri, 18 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study aims to analyze the geomorphological and hydrological characteristics of the drainage systems in a group of drainage basins in the city of Al-Ma’alla-Aden, using the geographic information systems data, represented by the available digital elevation modules (DEM) for the study area and integrating it with the hydrological analysis methods of flow from the drainage basins, and deducing the most important hydrological parameters and calculating the maximum flow from them at a rain frequencies 10, 25, 50, and 100 years, in order to contribute to providing a database on flow systems that will benefit the city in future. As a result of this work, the study reached a geomorphological and hydrological analysis of a number of drainage basins in the city of Al-Ma’alla, most of them at the northern slopes of Shamsan mountain south of study area. The watershed areas (catchments) of these basins range from 0.340 to 4.331 km². Through the geomorphological analysis, it was found that most of the drainage basins in the study area have high slope angles, reaching more than 30%, especially those located south the study area along Shamsan mountain northern slopes. As a result of the hydrological integration of the geomorphological characteristics the maximum calculated flow from some of these basins reached to 62.16 m³/s for the rain frequency of 10 years, and reached to 116.92 m3/s for a rain frequency of 100 years. Most of the drainage basins took ratios of high ruggedness, indicating an increase in sediment load during flow. The study recommended conducting complementary environmental studies for the study area and employing the use of modern technologies such as geographic information systems and digital elevation modules, and moving away from the old traditional study pattern. The study also recommended making use of the available data to improve the management of rainfall water, and developing strategies to reduce the risks of potential floods based on the estimates maximum flows reached by the study.

Investment Opportunities in the Low-Energy Local Building Materials Industry

Thabet Salem Al-Azab — Fri, 18 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Yemen lacks an industrial and productive base in the field of manufacturing locally-originated building materials, which has led to the wide opening of the importation door. This importation has contributed to neglecting the use of significant natural resources in building the national economy and sidelining important local expertise in utilizing available high-quality local building materials. These materials are vital for life, suiting the climatic, environmental, and human living conditions in Yemen. Moreover, it has opened broad avenues for importing materials that do not fit the climatic and environmental conditions, causing complex economic problems that harm the national economy through the waste of national resources and liquidity. This study focuses on potential investment opportunities in the industry of local building materials suited to the environmental and climatic conditions. Among the most important investment opportunities is the use of clay soil in the manufacturing of building materials: extraction and production of lime sand bricks and clay sand bricks, production of cement-stabilized compressed bricks, and rammed earth walls, and the manufacture of green pozzolanic concrete. There are studies, practical experiments, and scientific research that have proven the feasibility of manufacturing these materials, which have shown high-quality results for the intended products. The state should facilitate investment procedures and enact laws and legislations that enable the exploitation of natural resources to establish a productive base that can accommodate the rapid movement of construction and contracting and reconstruction due to wars and conflicts.

Assessment of Bacterial Pollution Levels in the Coasts of Aden – Gulf of Aden, Yemen

Arafat Thabit Amer, Fursan Thabet Ahmed — Fri, 18 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The coasts of the city of Aden are experiencing significant environmental damage that impacts marine life and human health. The coastal waters receive the majority of household wastewater, which is discharged directly without adequate treatment or is not treated before reaching the city’s beaches. The study revealed spatial and temporal variations in the physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of the examined waters. It also indicated that the discharge of sewage, industrial waste, and other human activities affected these characteristics. Temperature, pH, salinity, Total Coliform (TC), and Fecal Coliform (FC) levels at the study stations were higher in summer than in winter. Water temperature ranged from 26.30 to 33.00 °C, and the waters off the shores of Aden were slightly alkaline, with a pH of 7.85 - 8.29 and salinity values of 36.50 - 38.40 parts per thousand. The highest total coliform count was recorded at stations 5 and 6, with averages of 1197 and 1119 colonies/100 ml, respectively, while the lowest total coliform count was observed at station 8 (the reference station) with an average of 60 colonies/100 ml. The fecal coliform counts ranged from 0 to 370 colonies/100 ml. According to European standards for recreational marine waters (TC <500/100 ml, FC <100/100 ml), the microbiological results for stations 7, 5, 2, and 1 exceeded the permissible limits, while stations 8, 3, 6, and 4 recorded lower pollution rates and remained within the permissible limits.

Isolation and Identification of Clinical Bacterial Isolates and Their Resistance to Antibiotics and a Medicinal Plant Mixture (Turmeric, Ginger, and Indian Costus)

Fri, 18 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Background
The rise of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) has intensified the search for natural antibacterial alternatives. This study evaluates the antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic (EE) and aqueous (AE) extracts from turmeric (Curcuma longa), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and Indian costus (Saussurea costus) against clinical isolates of S. aureus and E. coli.

Method
A six-month laboratory-based study (April–September 2024) analyzed bacterial isolates from patient samples in Aden Governorate, Yemen. Isolates were identified using selective media Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) for S. aureus, Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) for E. coli) and confirmed through biochemical tests. Antibacterial activity was assessed via agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Phytochemical and physiochemical analyses identified active compounds in the extracts.

Results
Of 57 clinical samples, S. aureus was isolated from 52.63% and E. coli from 21.05%, while 26.32% were excluded due to contamination. The EE exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial activity against E. coli, with inhibition zones of 13–19 mm, but no activity against S. aureus. The AE showed no antibacterial effects. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed S. aureus was highly susceptible to Linezolid (96%) and Roxithromycin (96%) but resistant to Cloxacillin (0%). E. coli showed high resistance to Ampicillin/Sulbactam (57.14%) and Cefotaxime (55%) but susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin (90%) and Amikacin (95%).

Conclusion
The EE shows promise as a natural alternative for treating E. coli infections, particularly amid rising antibiotic resistance. However, its inefficacy against S. aureus highlights the need for further research to optimize extraction methods and enhance activity against Gram-positive bacteria. This study supports the potential of plant-based antimicrobials as alternatives to synthetic antibiotics.

Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques for Intrusion Detection in IoT Networks

Alaa Mohammed Ali Abdullah, Khaled Ahmed Abood — Fri, 18 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The rapid increase of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has introduced significant security challenges, requiring the development of effective Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to protect networks from malicious attacks. This study presents a comparative analysis of five machine learning (ML) algorithms (Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB), XGBoost, and Support Vector Machine (SVM)) for IoT intrusion detection using the NSL-KDD dataset. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is used as a feature extraction technique to optimize model performance by reducing data dimensionality while retaining critical information. Three LDA scenarios with 2, 3, and 4 extracted features are used to compare the mentioned ML algorithms using the performance metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and execution time. The results show that RF achieved the highest accuracy (98.76%) with a slightly higher execution times making it ideal for applications prioritizing accuracy. KNN and XGBoost displayed a balance between high accuracy and computational efficiency, with execution times suitable for real-time IoT applications, with KNN achieving the shortest execution time. The results also highlight the importance of selecting ML algorithms based on the trade-offs between accuracy and efficiency for IoT intrusion detection.

Highly Selective Removal of toxic metal ions from Wastewater using Yemeni Limestone as a Natural and Low-Priced Adsorbent: behavior and mechanism

Amer Al Hariri, Yahiya Kadaf Manea, Shaif Mohammed Qasem — Fri, 18 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The current study examines the use of rock debris leading from mining in the Nakleen zone. The values of these rock wastes must be taken into account in a feasibility analysis, especially in light of potential ongoing mining operations. Treated Limestone obtained from different areas of Yemen was applied to adsorb Cd (II) and Pb (II) from wastewater. Treated limestone samples were characterized using various techniques, via FTIR, XRF, and TGA-DTA. Batch experiments were conducted with varying pH (2–9), Metal ions concentration (10–50 mg/L), stirring time (10–60 min), and limestone dosage (0.1–1.1 g/50 mL). The ICP-OES analysis was applied to determine the removal percentage of the Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions using the adsorption process. Results show that the limestone was efficient for removing Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions with efficiencies of 99 %, and 98.5 % respectively. The adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions onto limestone obeyed the Freundlich model due to electrostatic affinity. The maximum adsorption capacities of Nak-Cd⁺² and Nak-Pb⁺² after short time are 6.09 and 4.769 mg/g, respectively. This result indicates that the intercalation of several ions with Nak limestone was better suited to Cd⁺² ions. The enhancement is attributed to the selectivity of adsorption sites in the Nak sample to Cd⁺² ions

Pharmaceutical Study to Assess the Equivalence of the Commercial Brands of Losartan Potassium Tablets Available in Aden Governorate, Yemen

Sana Saleh Al-Kubati, Fairoz Adel Hammed — Fri, 18 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Losartan potassium, a non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, is prescribed by the physicians for hypertension treatment. In Aden governorate, Yemen, losartan is available as oral tablets and tablets combining losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide. A study comparing generic brands of 50 mg Losartan potassium tablets to their reference brand was conducted to determine their pharmaceutical equivalency. The study involved quality control parameters and in vitro dissolution studies using the USP method. The results showed that the seven brands of losartan potassium tablets met the specified criteria for immediate-release tablets, with the drug content ranging from 95.69% ±1.97 to 99.62% ±1.57. The reference brand LC-1 and the generic brands LC-2 and LC-3 achieved fast drug dissolution of about 80% within 30 minutes, while the generic brands from LC-4 to LC-7 gave drug dissolution in the range of 76.09–78.07. The dissolution kinetics of the seven brands followed the Weibull model, with similarity factors exceeding 50%, differences in dissolution efficiencies less than 10%, and a mean dissolution time between 10.93 and 13.57 minutes. In conclusion, the commercially generic brands of Losartan potassium tablets were pharmaceutically equivalent and could be used interchangeably with the reference brand.

A study of the concircular curvature tensor and its interactions with other tensors under the Lie derivative in \(GBK- 5RF_n\)

Adel M. Al-Qashbari, Saeedah M. Baleedi — Fri, 18 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This research paper delves into a comprehensive analysis of the concircular curvature tensor and its intricate relationships with other tensors under the Lie derivative. The concircular curvature tensor, a fundamental geometric invariant, plays a pivotal role in characterizing the local geometry of Riemannian manifolds. By employing the powerful tool of the Lie derivative, we explore how the concircular curvature tensor transforms under infinitesimal transformations of the underlying manifold. Our study uncovers novel connections between the concircular curvature tensor and other significant tensors, such as the Ricci tensor and Weyl tensor, providing deeper insights into the geometric structure of Riemannian spaces. The results obtained in this paper not only contribute to the advancement of differential geometry but also have potential applications in various fields, including general relativity and theoretical physics.This research expands the definition of concircular curvature tensor within the context of generalized fifth recurrent Finsler space for Cartan's fourth curvature tensor \(K_{jkh}^i\) in sense of Berwald. By employing the Lie-derivative, we delve into the various connections between concircular, conformal, conharmonice curvature tensors and the Cartan’s third curvature tensor \(R_{jkh}^i\).

Extended Hyperbolic Function Method to Solve Two New Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

M. S. Al-Amry, H. S. Bafarag — Fri, 18 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In this paper, we present two new equations, firstly a combined of Korteweg-de Vries-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (KdV-BBM) equation with modified Korteweg-de Vries-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony m(KdV-BBM) and denoted by c((KdV-BBM)-m(KdV-BBM)), secondly a combined of Shallow Water Wave-Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur (SWW-AKNS) equation with Equal-Width (EW) equation and denoted by c((SWW-AKNS)-EW). Then we apply the extended hyperbolic function method (EHFM) to solve the new equations. Exact traveling wave solutions are obtained and expresses in terms of hyperbolic functions and trigonometric functions.